Header Collector

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Header Collector
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The first part that you have to pay attention to is in the header of the knitting pattern. Here is where the pattern designer tells you which sizes are available.

Usually, the various sizes are shown as in the following examples, all for 5 different sizes:

• 32 (34, 36, 38, 40)
• S (M, L, XL, 2XL)
• 6 (8, 10, 12, 14)

This format of defining the sizes tells you that whenever you see a sequence of a number followed by 4 numbers in parentheses, you are looking at a multiple-size instruction. If you are making the smallest size, you will use the first number, the one outside the parentheses. If you are making the largest size, then you will use the last number inside the parentheses.

So, if the instructions say "Cast on 90 (95, 100, 105, 110) sts.", then:

• if you are the largest size, cast on 110 stitches.
• if you are the fourth size, cast on 105 stitches.
• if you are the third size, cast on 100 stitches.
• and so on.

One suggestion that will help to make your knitting life go better is to read through your knitting pattern, before you start to knit, looking for every occurrence of the multi-size sequence of numbers. Highlight the one that applies to you. If you are the second-from-the-smallest size, then highlight the first number inside the parentheses.

That's the basic method for dealing with multi-size patterns.

But there is still one outstanding question: what do those size numbers mean?

A 36 could mean a 36" bust. Or it could mean the finished size.

And do S/M/L/XL/2XL mean the same as in ready-to-wear?

If you are fortunate, the pattern writer also includes some additional clues as to what the size means.

Some patterns say that the Size refers to the finished size of the garment. Some also include the corresponding chest/bust measurement (if the garment is a sweater). Some patterns will indicate whether the garment is fits loosely or snugly.

But in some cases you are on your own for figuring out what the size number really means.

One method you can use is to take advantage of the gauge specification. But you will need to do a bit of math.

Example:

If the gauge says 20 stitches in 4 inches with Stocking Stitch, and the Back and Front of a Stocking Stitch Sweater each have 100 stitches on the needle just below the armhole shaping, then there are 200 stitches around the chest/bust.

200 stitches is ten 20-stitch chunks, or ten 4-inch chunks, or 40 inches finished size. With the standard of a couple of inches of ease, then if your chest/bust is 38 inches, this will be a comfortable fit. If the sweater is designed to fit snugly, though, it would work with a chest/bust of 42 inches (that's called "negative ease").

It's time to start knitting a garment that's the correct size.

For more information on learning to read knitting patterns

Sign up for a free e-course at Read Knitting Patterns

In only 10 lessons, you can understand a lot about what a knitting pattern is trying to tell you. And an ongoing weekly newsletter will provide even more information on the subject. So check it out.

Air Purification With Pulse-jet Dust Collectors

Oleg Systems Co. designs industrial dust collection systems including dry type dust collectors. Dust collection equipment utilizing the principle of wet dust collecting is available in numerous designs utilizing a number of principles and featuring wide variation in effectiveness, initial cost, operating and maintenance expense, space, arrangements and material of construction. Dust collectors are used extensively in industry for a wide range of applications. They require more space than most other types of air cleaning devices, necessiating outdoor installation in most cases.

One of the most popular and efficient dry type dust collector designs is Pulse-Jet Dust Collector.

In a pulse-jet dust collector, dust is collected on the outer surface of the filter bag. To remove these accumulated dust, a pulse of compressed air is sent down the inside of the bag to flex the bag surface outward, dislodging the dust. Dust falls of the bag for removal from the dust collector. This pulse of air is automatically triggered by a timer or a pressure differential signal monitored accross the filter media, allowing self-cleaning and unattended operation. Dust-laden air enters the dust collector through an inlet and comes into the dusty air plenum that contains filter elements. An inlet baffle deflects some of the larger particles in the airstream downwards for immediate removal, thus reducing filter bag wear by removing the larger abrasive particles before they accumulate on the bag.

The pulse-jet dust collector also has a header commected to the plant compressed air (100 PSI pressure) and acts as a reservoir. At predetermined intervals, a solenoid valve releases a blast of compressed air down the air pipe to the set of filter bags. The pulse of compressed air produces a shock wave along the lenght of the bag. A converging venturi aspirates filtered air into the bag from the clean air plenum to assist in the bags cleaning, thereby minimizing plant air consumption. The timer sequences the cleaning cycle, row-by-row, until all the bags are clean. The cycle is then repeated.

The cleaning cycle is also initiated by monitoring differential pressure across the tube sheet that separates the plenums. As the dust accumulates on the surface of the filter, the differential pressure across the media increases. At a certain value, the solenoid is triggered and cleaning happens. Triggering the cleaning cycle at a predetrmined differential pressure setting eliminates cleaning during periods of light dust load, increases bag life, and reduces the use of compressed air.

Filter material is selected based on the operating temperatures, type and size of duct particles, dust collector capacity. At ambient temperature, majority of pulse-cleaning collectors use 10 to 14-oz polyester felt media. Synthetic materials have better temperature resistance than natural materials. At elevated temperatures up to 500 F, fiberglass bags can be used. Nomex is well suited to the 250 to 400 F range. Surface finish of the bag enhances release of sticky dusts. Applying a silicon finish layer to the bag is commonly used. Special coatings provide a membrane with tiny perforations that achieve very high filtration efficiencies. Pleated filter elements allow for more surface area and are often retrofitted into the system.

For additional information please refer to http://olegsystems.com/airknife/Index.html.

Oleg Chetchel
Process Engineer and Designer
Oleg Systems Co.
http://olegsystems.com/industrialventilation/Index.html
http://olegsystems.com/contact/Index.html

About the Author

Oleg Chetchel
Ventilation Equipment Designer
Tenderall Fan Co.
http://tenderall.com

exhaust headers - hot roddin'?

1. How is the performance of the engine affected if the collector is longer? Shorter?

2. How will a muffler shape, size, and if installed, affect the performance of the engine?

The short answer is :

longer collector-more torque
shorter collector- more horsepower

There are other factors involved that can alter the above.(crossover pipe, etc.)

The exhaust should be the same size throughout. If your using 1 1/2" pipe, that should be the size of your muffler inlet/outlet.

Ther are some very good low restriction aftermarket mufflers. Most engines develop better torque with some back pressure. Unless you plan on running only Talledega or some other high speed, high rpm, high horsepower course...you're better off with a muffler than without.

Collector's Item For Ramsay
Every cloud has a silver lining.

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